It seems as though not a week goes by without a story that links
a health benefit to wine. Whether it’s stronger bones, a lower risk for dementia
or fewer heart attacks, one lingering question remains: Is the benefit in the
beverage or the wine drinkers’ lifestyle?
Wine drinkers, it turns out, are different. Regardless of
country of origin, wine drinkers stand apart from those who prefer to imbibe
beer, spirits or not at all in many ways.
A 2001 Danish study of nearly 700 moderate drinkers between
29 and 34 years of age found that wine drinkers in that group had higher IQ
scores and enjoyed better socioeconomic status compared to beer drinkers. The
study also looked at measures that indicated personality and other social
traits, and ranked wine drinkers’ scores as optimal and beer-drinking
groups as subpar.
Not yet convinced? The following year, a study looked in on
4,435 men and women enrolled in the University of North Carolina’s Alumni Heart Study. This older group reported alcohol and food intake, further sorted by
fruit, vegetable and red or fried meat consumption. Participants were asked
about saturated fat, fiber and cholesterol intake as well as dietary
supplement, smoking or tobacco use, exercise, body-mass index (BMI) and
socioeconomic markers such as income and education.
Responders who named wine as their alcoholic beverage of
choice reported healthier habits than spirits and beer drinkers. Wine drinkers
ate better diets that were richer in fruits, vegetables and fiber. They also got more
exercise and were less likely to smoke. Compared to other types of drinkers,
those who chose wine consumed less saturated fat, cholesterol and drank less
total alcohol.
So does protection from disease track back to wine or
healthier habits? A 2012 study from the University of Texas and Stanford
University attempted to answer that question. They followed a group of 802
adults over 20 years, all of whom were 55-65 years of age when the study began.
Only abstainers or moderate drinkers were considered. Drinkers ranked their alcoholic
preference as high or low in wine.
Compared to abstainers, moderate drinkers in both wine categories
fared far better in terms of overall survival over the two-decade period.
However, once results were controlled for other lifestyle factors such as diet,
tobacco use and exercise, no such advantage emerged. The authors concluded
that, at least for older adults who were moderate alcohol drinkers, wine
drinkers’ apparent longevity benefit appeared rooted in other health-promoting lifestyle
factors, as opposed to wine drinking itself.
The Centers for Disease Control may have summed it up best in a 2011 report that drew little fanfare. Their study identified four healthy
behaviors associated with living a longer, healthier life:
- Keep alcohol intake in check – no more than one drink per day for women and two for men
- Lay off tobacco in all forms, and if you currently smoke, get help quitting
- Eat a healthier diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, low-fat dairy and seafood, and limit intake of salty, high-cholesterol and high-fat foods, added sugars and refined grains
- Stay physically active – aim for a mix of aerobic and strengthening activities every week
Future studies will continue to weigh the role of wine,
alcohol itself and other factors to healthier living. For now, it seems fair to
say that wine drinkers are indeed different, and those differences themselves may provide
the lift for wine drinkers’ health and survival benefits. But before you pat
yourself on the back with a vive la différence,
dig deep into all the other health-promoting behaviors that might spare you from the
burden of chronic disease, and help you to live a longer, more robust life.
